Showing posts with label Mazda. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mazda. Show all posts

Saturday, July 9, 2011

Beautiful Mazda Mx-5 attracted the special

Wearing green on their wings fancy peeled banana, the car has made the correct name Karai 165 units, for about $ 43,500.

Đẹp hút hồn Mazda Mx-5 bản đặc biệt

The entire grille, fog lights and all the accessories inside the car is painted glossy black. Suspension and exhaust pipes of cars were "institutional" versus the standard version sports bold. In addition, the car is also equipped with iPod connectivity and a Sinn watch comes.

Karai MX-5 is produced by Mazda in the European branch, the exterior with blue eye that this company called Metal Metallic Green. True to its name Karai (sharp) a detail of the car creates a crisp glossy feeling difficult to describe. The entire interior of the car, the soft roof, mirrors and the wheels are 17 inch are painted black to create focal points for the car.
Đẹp hút hồn Mazda Mx-5 bản đặc biệt
Sinn Watches with car donation.

Karai is not a car a "beast", when only equipped with a 4 cylinder 2.0 liter capacity, for a capacity of 160 horsepower.
Đẹp hút hồn Mazda Mx-5 bản đặc biệt
Đẹp hút hồn Mazda Mx-5 bản đặc biệt
Đẹp hút hồn Mazda Mx-5 bản đặc biệt
Đẹp hút hồn Mazda Mx-5 bản đặc biệt

Sunday, June 19, 2011

Mazda MAZDA6 Review

There may be no segment of the market more competitive than that of the midsize car. With two or three well-established Japanese-brand vehicles dominating the segment, and dozens of likable competitors trying to unseat them, it's tough for any particular vehicle to stand out.



2008 Mazda MAZDA6 s Sport Hatchback Shown

However, the handsome Mazda 6 has something most others midsize cars do not: charisma. Launched for the 2003 model year, the Mazda 6 has received rave reviews for its edgy, handsome design and stylish interior. Even more impressive are its communicative steering, responsive suspension and lively 4-cylinder and V6 engines. Available with a sport-oriented automatic transmission or an enthusiast-pleasing manual, the Mazda 6 is a veritable dance teacher in a class full of wallflowers.

Another ace up the Mazda 6's sleeve is its choice of three body styles. While most competitors offer only a sedan body for their midsize model, the Mazda 6 is also available as a versatile four-door hatchback or a stylish wagon. Thus combining the Mazda 6's inherent goodness with cavernous cargo areas, both the hatchback and wagon represent fun-to-drive, sensible alternatives not just to sedans, but to larger, heavier SUVs.

Although its passenger space and interior quality still lag behind those of the segment leaders, and the V6 could benefit from some extra horsepower, the Mazda 6 remains a good match for midsize car shoppers in search of something a bit zestier than basic transportation.

The Mazda 6 (officially called the MAZDA6) is available as a midsize sedan, four-door hatchback or wagon. For each, there are two trim levels: i and s. The Mazda 6 i is powered by a reasonably gutsy 160-horsepower 4-cylinder engine mated to either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. The performance potential is stepped up considerably with the s, thanks to its 215-hp V6. The s is available with the manual or a 6-speed automatic.

Both Mazda 6 i and Mazda 6 s models come in base form, or with one of three option packages: Sport, Grand Touring or Grand Sport. With power accessories, keyless entry, cruise control and nice cloth upholstery, even base models are reasonably well equipped. Sport models add exterior accessories such as a rear spoiler and foglights and a few interior items, while Grand Touring and Grand Sport models add wheel/tire upgrades and several luxury extras.

An edgy factory-tuned, high-performance version of the sedan, called the MazdaSpeed 6, is powered by a high-strung, 278-hp turbocharged 4-cylinder engine that's coupled to all-wheel drive. The MazdaSpeed 6 is available only in Grand Touring and Grand Sport trims, and comes only with a 6-speed manual transmission.

On the safety front, the Mazda 6 offers standard traction control and antilock brakes. Front-seat side airbags and head-protecting side curtain airbags are standard on all but i base models. Stability control is standard on the MazdaSpeed 6, but unavailable on any other models.



In Mazda 6 reviews, the car has received praise for its precise steering, responsive handling and well-appointed interior. In comparison to some other popular midsize cars, however, the 6 is let down by its less roomy backseat and rather average output from its V6 engine.

These qualities also hold true for used Mazda 6s. There have been only a few updates to the car since its debut. The most significant have been the change from a 5-speed to 6-speed automatic in 2005 for V6 cars, and a change from a 4-speed to 5-speed automatic in 2006 for 4-cylinder models. Mazda also made interior and exterior updates in '06, and added extra standard features.

The Mazda 6 replaced the forgettable 626. This model, particularly in its last two generations, 1993-'97 and 1998-2002, sorely lacked distinction. Ironically, like the Mazda 6, early 626 models were celebrated for their European styling and emphasis on performance, but in later years, they slipped into midsize sedan oblivion as Mazda took the car mainstream with too-conservative styling and a sedan-only body style.

Sunday, March 13, 2011

2010 mazda cx7


Mazda has a small problem with its rakish, buttoned-down CX-7 crossover. With the 244hp, 2.3-liter turbocharged engine under the hood, the CX-7 delivers on the promise of its sporty styling and nicely tuned chassis. It's definitely one of the more entertaining crossovers to drive, but that fun comes at a price. With more than 3900 lb to haul around, the tightly wound turbo-four sucks gas like a six. The EPA mpg rating for the all-wheel drive CX-7s is an unremarkable 17/23 city/highway.



2010 mazda cx7 diesel side view

2010 mazda cx7 diesel side vie






2010 mazda cx7 diesel rear view

2010 mazda cx7 diesel rear view



2010 mazda cx7 diesel front view

2010 mazda cx7 diesel front view



2010 mazda cx7 diesel first drive

2010 mazda cx7 diesel first drive



2010 mazda cx7 diesel engine


2010 mazda cx7 diesel engine



2010 mazda cx7 diesel car wallpaper

2010 mazda cx7 diesel car wallpaper

Saturday, February 26, 2011

2011 Mazda 5







Mazda Motor Corporation will hold the global premiere of the all-new Mazda 5 (known as the Mazda Premacy in Japan) during the press days of the 2010 Geneva Motor Show on March 2 and 3, 2010. Embracing dynamic and elegant Nagare design, the new Mazda 5 emits approximately 15 percent less CO2 than the current model thanks to Mazda's "i-stop" idling stop system, a direct injection gasoline engine and other technologies. European sales of the all-new Mazda 5 will commence during fall 2010.

The new Mazda 5 features an emotional design that blends elegance with a dynamic spirit. It will be the first Mazda production model to fully adopt Mazda's Nagare (meaning "flow" in Japanese) design language, which finds inspiration in the beauty of flows found in nature. Nagare design has appeared in certain elements of recent production models and was previously showcased through a series of concept cars. The new Mazda 5's design achieves excellent aerodynamic characteristics with an outstanding drag coefficient and lift balance. In order to meet wide-ranging customer requirements, it also offers a high level of functionality, with dual sliding rear doors and multiple seat arrangements. This includes a karakuri second-row center seat that can be converted to a versatile storage space. With a sportier and smoother ride, the new Mazda 5 responds precisely to the driver's commands, enabling the whole family to travel in comfort and security.

Based on its long-term vision for technology development, Sustainable Zoom-Zoom, Mazda is striving to improve the eco-friendly performance of its products. Whether stuck in traffic or cruising on the highway, the all-new Mazda 5 with 2.0L direct injection gasoline engine and i-stop significantly reduces CO2 emissions thanks to the effective combination of i-stop, the high combustion efficiency provided by direct injection, and a six-speed manual transmission with optimized gear ratios. The new Mazda 5 cuts CO2 emissions by roughly 15 percent compared to the model it replaces and provides a more comfortable ride with linear and smooth performance characteristics. It is now one of the most eco-friendly minivans in its class in Europe.

The new Mazda 5's green credentials are further enhanced by its other available powertrains, which include a 1.8L gasoline engine mated to a six-speed manual transmission.

Commenting on the development concept, Hideki Matsuoka, the Mazda 5 program manager, said, "The all-new Mazda 5 meets the many needs of today's customers. In a single model, we offer the competitive eco-performance necessary to address current market trends together with our distinctive, emotional design. The Mazda 5 features outstanding functionality with sliding rear doors and multiple seat arrangements, and it delivers fantastic comfort with a linear and smooth ride that responds precisely as the driver intends."

2011 Mazda 2











Magazine-thin laptops, MP3 players and bite-size candy bars are just a few examples of good things that come in small packages. Now, for the first time in North America, Mazda is introducing its own affordable, fun-sized creation - the 2011 Mazda 2. A stylish, eco-friendly, fun-to-drive five-door hatchback, the Mazda 2 is Zoom-Zoom in its most concentrated form - compact and efficient, yet packed with style and substance. It will launch into the North American market in late summer, 2010.

Mazda 2 is the latest in a line of stylish, insightful and hugely fun-to-drive small cars from Mazda, and will bring an all-new level of refinement to the segment, as Mazda 3 did for the compact C-Car market. Mazda 2 is a car that only the engineers at Mazda could have created. It was designed and engineered from scratch to be a pure Mazda, offering the sort of driving experience that could only come from the company that developed the timeless Mazda MX-5 two-seat roadster, and it brings a combination of athletic design and dynamic performance to the subcompact class that simply does not exist at this time.

Originally launched in 2007, the new Mazda 2 was first introduced in Europe, Japan and Australia. Its launch created a unique offering in the B-car (subcompact) segment, especially through its distinguished design and outstanding driving performance. Since then, it has been highly acclaimed throughout the world, winning 48 automotive awards, including "Car of the Year" accolades in many markets, including Japan, New Zealand, Chile, Bulgaria and Greece. Notably, the Mazda 2 was selected as the "2008 World Car of the Year" (WCOTY) at the 2008 New York International Auto Show and has established a distinguished position in the B-Car segment. To date, total global sales have reached approximately 370,000 units in the three years since its introduction, and Mazda 2 is now recognized as one of the global models which symbolizes the essence of the Mazda brand.


While developing the new Mazda 2, Mazda took a thorough look at global subcompact car trends and carefully worked to identify the truly beneficial values that could be infused into a global B-Car. As a result, the new Mazda 2 adds Mazda's unique brand values such as exhilarating driving performance and eye-catching design to the segment without sacrificing the basic requirements for subcompact cars: superior fuel efficiency, high crash safety performance and ample passenger space. In fact, while other carmakers have increased the size of their small cars, Mazda's first mission was to analyze and define the optimal size of a compact vehicle. This resulted in a very efficient body size for the new Mazda 2 without sacrificing attractive features that consumers desire.

Dynamic Performance

With the Mazda 2, Mazda evolved the athleticism that is inherent to the Mazda design DNA in pursuit of bold and diverse expression of movement. The basic form of the new Mazda 2 is characterized by a combination of dynamic performance, sportiness and simplicity that leaves a strong visual impression. While competitors are producing compact cars with a focus on a boxy body form to prioritize functionality, Mazda shortened the body overhangs and trimmed the corners to the greatest extent possible as a way to provide a form that is compact and sporty, conveys a sense of stability and inspires confidence. By carefully creating a base form and then giving it energetic character lines befitting a B-car, Mazda created a design that is highly distinctive, but timeless.

Concentrated

Mazda pursued a concentrated, taut form for the body as a virtue in itself, not to simply reduce the car's body size. This creative background was advantageous in efforts to achieve maximum dynamic performance within the new Mazda 2's compact body. In other words, the Mazda 2 possesses the essence of Mazda's spirit of compact, sporty dynamic performance - "Zoom-Zoom Concentrated."

Exterior Design Theme: "Coordinated Movement"

In pursuit of a solid form and a richly expressive exterior design, Mazda established an exterior design theme of "coordinated movement". In line with this theme, the design team combined the visual movements created by the car's silhouette, its body lines, and the way in which patterns of light played on the body to create dynamic, multifaceted expressions not typically seen on a B-car. These expressions exude a powerful energy that makes the new Mazda 2 look as though it is moving while standing still. Key exterior design elements include: a sporty wedge shape that conveys a strong sense of forward motion; a deeply sculpted form in which the body is drawn inward fore and aft of the A-pillars; and distinctive character lines that extend from the front fender arches to the body shoulders.

Dynamic Performance Not Found on Competitors in the Segment

Mazda focused on realizing driver-oriented maneuverability and confidence-inspiring driving dynamics for a Zoom-Zoom driving experience that is unique in this segment. At the same time, Mazda maintained a development focus on delivering high cost-effectiveness in situations ranging from day-to-day driving to long excursions on a weekend. Specifically, Mazda worked to make the new Mazda 2 economical to own in terms of fuel costs through its excellent fuel economy and improved durability.

A Powertrain for Sporty Performance with Great Fuel Economy

The Zoom-Zoom driving experience that Mazda strives for has two key attributes: 1) a sense of linear acceleration and deceleration that responds crisply to how far the accelerator pedal is depressed, allowing the driver to control car speed as desired; and 2) a sense of liveliness through immediate response to the accelerator for quick off-the-line acceleration and overtaking. The development team targeted a performance feel reflecting enhancement of both of these key attributes without adversely impacting on the Mazda 2's superior fuel economy as a subcompact car.

Nimble Handling and a Stable Ride

The new Mazda 2 inherits a highly regarded suspension system, which has MacPherson struts at the front and a torsion-beam axle at the rear. With improved steering and braking systems, the resulting dynamic performance yields consistently responsive handling and a smooth, stable ride that draws much from the legendary MX-5.

Superior Quietness and Aerodynamics

In order to create more comfortable day-to-day driving, Mazda took various countermeasures to achieve a quiet cabin environment. Mazda also improved the coefficient of drag values to achieve better aerodynamics, contributing not only to the Mazda 2's quietness, but also to a more sporty ride and fuel efficiency.

Harmony Between Sporty Driving Performance and Environmental and Safety Features

In order to form the best balance between lower fuel consumption, outstanding driving dynamics and top-level safety performance, the new Mazda 2 reflects the close attention paid to minimizing weight through its smaller body shell, optimization of the structure, extensive use of high-tensile steel in its body and many other weight-saving measures implemented throughout the car. Under this approach, Mazda made the best use of weight-saving know-how, similar to the "gram" strategy employed during the development of the MX-5 sports car. As a result, the Mazda 2 has achieved world-leading crash safety ratings (five stars in the Euro New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), the highest possible result) without compromising driving performance and fuel economy.

The Security of a B-Car's Functionality and Maneuverability

In line with the way B-cars are mainly used as day-to-day commuters, with a driver-oriented development philosophy, the Mazda 2 has achieved a level of drivability and nimbleness that enables easy maneuverability, even in small car-parking areas and other tight spaces.

2010 Mazda CX-7













Mazda CX-7 is one of the world's first production SUVs to combine a sporty design and driving experience with SUV practicality and roominess. Since its launch in 2006, this unique sports crossover SUV has steadily gained in popularity around the world, selling about 190,000 units and winning 15 automotive awards. In Europe, it found more than 30,000 owners in the growing non-premium compact SUV segment in less than two years. Europeans are attracted to its sporty design, its fun-to-drive nature and its mix of everyday practicality, roominess and quality feel.

The new facelift model refines this package of attributes even further and is engineered to be more sophisticated, sustainable and emotionally appealing. While retaining the sporty nature of the original model, the facelift improves ride comfort and handling stability, and combines this with lower noise levels in the cabin for a more sophisticated interior environment. It is also more sustainable with the introduction of a new, clean-running diesel that delivers high power and torque, low fuel consumption and Euro Stage V compliance. The design of the facelift received updates to make it even more emotionally appealing with a new, more dynamic Mazda family face, premium exterior detailing and a higher quality feel. And updated suspension settings further refine its driving performance.

Design

At launch in 2007, Mazda's sports crossover SUV featured an advanced design that gave it an emotional appeal usually reserved for sports cars. Taking this as their basis, designers of the facelift enhanced Mazda CX-7's sporty nature and sophisticated character even further. They introduced a new, more dynamic front end, improved build quality and added premium details for a sense of refinement.


Exterior Design - Now even More Dynamic

The facelifted Mazda CX-7 is just as sporty-looking as before with an extremely flat A-pillar angle of 66º, a rising belt line and roof spoiler, powerful wheel arches (inspired by Mazda RX-8 sports coupe) and large wheels. This is enhanced for the facelift with an all-new lower five-point grille. It looks larger and more aggressive - reflecting Mazda's new-generation design language introduced with the new Mazda3 - and is framed by chrome mouldings for a premium look. New front fog lamps are introduced as well. These are embedded in a bezel design that is more vertical than before, and whose top outer corners are points that seem to flow into the fender panels.

New visual enhancements continue on the sides and rear of the Mazda CX-7 facelift. Chrome-plated mouldings are now placed at the bottom of the doors, around the side windows and just below the large Mazda logo at the rear, and a new and larger roof spoiler is available (all depending on grade).

New 18- and 19-inch alloy wheels complete the exterior updates. Their three dimensional designs add to the vehicle's sporty character. The list of seven exterior colours has been updated with Aluminium Metallic, Stormy Blue Mica and Sparkling Black Mica.

Interior Design - Enhanced Quality Feel

SUV roominess and practicality, combined with an ergonomic cockpit, sporty touches and high craftsmanship, were an appealing combination of the original Mazda CX-7. The facelift has all this plus updates that are meant to enhance the interior's quality look and feel even further. There is a new trim and dashboard material with dimples and round edges that give these surfaces a higher quality feel and make them more dirt resistant. The steering wheel is newly designed and includes more control buttons. The instrument cluster in front of the driver gets new dials and white pointers for a three-dimensional look, and new blue-ring illumination.

Stretching across the dashboard is a redesigned double-roof hood. It now rises in the middle to make room for a new Multi-Information Display (MID). The audio panel is also updated with either piano black or metal-look edging on the sides.

Other quality enhancements include new low-glare chrome plating on the vertical spoke of the steering wheel, and the chrome rings around the air vents in the centre and on the sides of the dashboard. Soft padding is introduced for the door-trim armrests and the centre console lid (depending on grade). When combined with the facelift's two interior colour schemes of black or sand beige (depending on grade), these details give the Mazda CX-7 facelift a high quality feel.

A Refined Driving Experience

The Mazda CX-7 facelift is a practical and roomy vehicle that meets the needs of various lifestyles in a way that is both sporty and sophisticated. The facelift updates this successful combination with enhanced ride comfort, a quieter cabin, improved ease-of-use and a long list of standard and available equipment for a refined driving experience.

Enhanced Ride Comfort and a Quieter Cabin

The original Mazda CX-7 was one of its segment's most sophisticated vehicles, and this aspect is carried forth with the facelift. Its body shell's torsional rigidity is increased by 5 percent, which improves ride comfort and softens the road noise.

The engine line-up now includes a new-generation 2.2-litre turbo diesel that is one of the quietest and most refined in the non-premium SUV segment. Its aluminium lower block, for instance, is mounted to the cylinder block at 18 separate points for extreme rigidity and low engine noise. A front chain drive cassette-type balancer shaft helps reduce engine noise and vibrations, and a special rear-wheel torque control of the diesel version suppresses resonance in the rear drivetrain.

The bonnet and engine compartment noise insulators have been improved to efficiently suppress highfrequency noise. New insulators are installed on the suspension towers and the wheel housings. New urethane foam used in the A-pillars, and a thicker dash insulator and floor mat are used for the first time.

Mazda CX-7 facelift's high-performance DISI petrol version also has NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) updates, including new suspension tower insulators and new engine compartment and dash insulators that are denser and better at keeping noise levels in the cabin low.

Wind noise is lower than ever before, too. NVH engineers counteracted the noise that side winds make when striking the A-pillars by using a large moulding that prevents air separation. This can cause a major pressure difference at this part of the car, which increases noise. The new moulding keeps the air from separating and results in a significant reduction of wind noise into the cabin.

Sporty and Easy to Use

Like its predecessor, the Mazda CX-7 facelift makes it easy to enjoy its powerful engines. The cockpit's ergonomic design is unusually sporty for an SUV. The front seats offer good side support and comfort on longer trips with wide seatbacks and continuously variable lumbar adjustment. The shift lever is placed high and forward to make sporty shifting easy and fun. The facelift cockpit gets two new features for increased comfort and ease-of-use: the front and rear armrests are now made of new soft material for a premium look and feel, a new driver's seat position memory system for up to three individual settings is introduced (depending on grade and market), and the front passenger seat now comes with 4-way power adjustment.

Providing the driver with all necessary vehicle information on one compact screen is Mazda's new Multi- Information display (MID). It shows all essential vehicle and navigation info - placed next to the driver's field of vision for a minimum of eye movement while driving - and a new MID switch on the right of the steering wheel allows switching between displays without the driver taking his hands from the wheel. The MID includes audio system info, settings and maintenance reminders like volume settings for warnings, switching between km and miles, and even on/off settings for displaying regular service inspections like tyre rotation, etc. The trip computer readout shows current fuel consumption rate, average fuel consumption rate, distance-to-empty and average vehicle speed.

New Equipment Added to a Long List of Premium Features

The facelifted Mazda CX-7 has an extensive standard equipment package: AM/FM radio and CD player with MP3 capability, one-touch power front and rear windows, remote central locking, cruise control, and an anti-theft alarm system (depending on grade and market).

New leather seats with front seat heating, a Bose® premium audio system with Centerpoint® surround sound and nine speakers, Xenon automatic headlamps and rain sensor wipers, and Mazda's Advanced Keyless Entry & Start System are also available either optionally or as standard (depending on grade and market).

New equipment added to the facelift leaves nothing to the imagination. A rear-view camera system helps the driver park and drive safely in reverse, and a Rear Vehicle Monitoring (RVM) system alerts the driver when a vehicle is approaching from behind or driving in the blind spot. The all-new navigation system with TFT colour display can be controlled with buttons on the steering wheel. It is easy to read and stores its data on a Secure Digital (SD) card (depending on market).

Bluetooth® technology has been expanded for Mazda CX-7 facelift, which not only allows hands-free use of Bluetooth® equipped mobile phones, but also lets passengers play music from a wireless MP3 player on the car's audio system. The driver can control the player using either the audio panel or the buttons on the new steering wheel. MP3 players can also be played on the car's audio system by plugging them into the AUX jack in the centre console box.

SUV Practicality with Improved Storage Space

The facelifted Mazda CX-7 has plenty of room for five adults to travel in comfort with their luggage. It is an ideal vehicle for active lifestyles with rear seats that fold down 60/40 by pulling on a latch on the side trim of the boot using Mazda's Karakuri system. A lip at the rear seats helps prevent heavier items from sliding forward, and a reversible water-proof board in the boot floor for carrying dirty items without staining the carpet.

There are numerous storage compartments placed around the cabin. The large centre console box holds up to 4.8 litres and has been upgraded for the facelift model with two new storage compartments at the top for more small-item storage. One of these is a 0.9-litre tray that is ideally shaped to hold a mobile phone, an MP3 player or sunglasses. And the tray at the bottom of the centre panel is now equipped with a rubber mat so that small items do not slide around.

Powertrains

Mazda CX-7 facelift now offers customers in Europe two All-Wheel Drive, powertrains to choose from. New to the line-up is Mazda's new-generation 2.2-litre common-rail turbo diesel that combines high power and torque with low fuel consumption and emissions. Still available is the extremely sporty 2.3-litre turbo petrol engine with direct injection.

MZR-CD 2.2 - New Powerful Turbo Diesel for Europe

The lively MZR-CD 2.2-litre common-rail turbo diesel produces 127 kW/173 PS at 3,500 rpm and a massive 400 Nm of torque at just 2,000 rpm. It accelerates the Mazda CX-7 facelift in 11.3 seconds from 0 to 100 km/h and allows a top speed of 200 km/h. A newly developed variable-geometry turbo charger and a special intercooler that has been optimized for the Mazda CX-7 facelift contribute to quick, powerful response at engine speeds as low as 1,600 rpm.

The common-rail system optimises combustion for high efficiency. It maximises fuel injection pressure, using a special fuel pump and 10 very small (0.119 mm) injector holes, to achieve injection pressure of up to 200 MPa, one of the industry's highest. This allows very precise injection timing, which engineers used to optimize the number of injections per cycle and to control the amount of fuel sprayed into the combustion chamber.

Low Fuel Consumption

The Mazda CX-7 facelift with the MZR-CD 2.2-litre turbo diesel is not only exciting to drive, it's also frugal at the pump for such a sporty SUV with so much room and versatility. It needs just 7.5 litres of fuel per 100 km (combined) by employing a low compression ratio of 16.3:1 (for a compact SUV), a small turbo charger, improved intercooler efficiency and special gear ratios. It also uses highly responsive injectors that achieve a minimum injection interval of just 200 μs, which makes injection about 30 percent faster, and allows strict control over the amount of fuel used during injection.

Cleaner-Running and Euro Stage V Compliant

The MZR-CD 2.2-litre turbo diesel complies with Euro Stage V emission standards and is combined with the latest Mazda exclusive exhaust-gas treatment technology. Its newly-developed diesel particulate filter (DPF) is made from a ceramic material with high thermal resistance that includes a special Mazdadeveloped catalyst. The catalyst uses oxygen stored in the base material, in addition to the oxygen present in exhaust gases, to improve combustion of soot emissions. By increasing the volume of oxygen, this system makes regeneration of the filter faster and more efficient. In fact, Mazda CX-7 facelift's DPF needs to regenerate (in the NEDC mode) only half as often as conventional systems, and each regeneration process takes only a third as long. After exhaust gases have been purified of particulate matters, they pass through Mazda's newly-developed Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system to significantly lower NOx.

MZR 2.3 DISI Turbo - The Original High-Performance Petrol

The petrol version of the Mazda CX-7 facelift inherits the original model's acclaimed MZR 2.3-litre DISI Turbo engine. Its direct-injection technology has a host of advantages over intake manifold petrol engines. Torque is about 10 percent higher at 3,000 rpm, because of the cooling effect caused by injecting petrol directly into the combustion chamber. For the Mazda CX-7 facelift, the DISI petrol is improved even further. Its piston crowns now have a dish-shaped cavity that improves the air-fuel mix and contributes to better combustion during engine warm-up. Fuel is now injected not only during intake, but also during the compression stroke for a richer mix around the spark plugs and increased combustion stability. The MZR 2.3-litre DISI Turbo produces 191 kW/260 PS at 5,500 rpm and a high maximum torque of 380 Nm at a low 3,000 rpm. It responds quickly to pedal movement, accelerates the Mazda CX-7 facelift in 8.2 seconds from 0 to 100 km/h, and allows a top speed of 211 km/h.

Six-Speed Manual Transmission

Both engines feature a manual six-speed transmission with a compact three-shaft design carried over from the original model. It has triple-cone synchronizers for first, second and third gears, and a double-cone synchronizer for fourth gear, to deliver smooth and precise shift characteristics. It uses low-viscosity transmission fluid for easy shifting, even when the engine is cold. The diesel's sixth gear ratio has been configured as overdrive for maximum fuel efficiency.

Chassis

The body shell of the Mazda CX-7 facelift is more rigid than the original model, and delivers improved ride comfort and even better handling stability. The suspension system is specially tuned for each engine to provide predictable linear handling and the same superior straight-line stability the original model is known for. Coupled to Active Torque-Split All-Wheel Drive, this updated chassis makes the Mazda CX-7 facelift sporty and nimble.

Increased Torsional Rigidity for Improved Ride Comfort and Handling Stability

The original Mazda CX-7 body shell was ahead of its time at launch for its combination of high rigidity and low weight. Local reinforcements and high and ultra-high tensile steels were used for the body shell, which helped avoid unnecessary gain in weight while delivering some of the best body rigidity in the segment.

The Mazda CX-7 facelift inherits this body shell and adds new rigidity-enhancing measures for a 5 percent increase in torsional rigidity, which enhances handling stability and helps to reduce road noise and vibration for a quieter cabin. When combined with new dampers with a smoother stroke, this achieved an increase in overall ride comfort for the Mazda CX-7 facelift.

Weight gain had to be avoided as well, which would have negatively affected fuel consumption and handling. Engineers used advanced computer aided analysis to achieve both these goals. They applied reinforcements only where it was most effective, and used strong lightweight weld bonds (with advanced adhesives) wherever possible. Stiffness was increased for the facelift at the rear wheel houses, the door openings, the B-pillars, the shelf gussets and the underfloor frame (diesel only).

Suspension and Steering

Mazda CX-7 facelift inherits the passenger-car-like MacPherson strut front and multi-link rear suspensions from the original model, refined for the facelift to deliver even more linear handling and performance feel. New dampers are introduced that give a smoother suspension stroke and improves straight-ahead stability and ride comfort. These supplement the front suspension's ball-type struts with low friction bearings, strong lateral force control springs, and six rubber mounting points. An enlarged castor angle is also used to optimise straight-line stability, while delivering excellent road feedback and grip when cornering. The rear suspension also gets new dampers and is specially tuned for the facelift. Its geometry ensures that the wheels suffer minimal camber change and maintain their near-vertical position even when cornering hard, which is vital to a high-torque, high-performance vehicle like this.

While the high-performance DISI petrol retains the hydraulic power-assisted steering system from its predecessor, the new diesel uses electric hydraulic power-assisted steering for a great balance between fuel savings and good steering feel.

Electronically Controlled Active Torque-Split All-Wheel Drive

Mazda CX-7 facelift's permanent All-Wheel Drive, system employs Mazda's unique Active Torque-Split to translate the vehicle's high maximum torque to the road in a smooth and controllable way, regardless of which engine is under the bonnet. High-tech sensor technology of the All-Wheel Drive, system monitors the Mazda CX-7's steering angle, yaw rate, wheel speed, lateral G-force and throttle-valve position, to optimise traction in real time. The vehicle's All-Wheel Drive, control module then distributes torque between the front and rear axles using an electronically-controlled active-torque coupling mounted in front of the rear differential. The system distributes up to 50 percent of the engine power to the rear axle for an optimal torque split in all situations.

Safety & Environment

The Mazda CX-7 facelift inherits one of the segment's most comprehensive safety packages from the same vehicle that received the highest ranking of any compact SUV tested by the USA's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 2007. For the refreshed model, several new active safety features are added for even more peace of mind.

Mazda's Rear Vehicle Monitoring (RVM) system is newly introduced to the CX-7 facelift (depending on grade and market). This system uses radar sensors in the rear bumper when the vehicle is travelling at 60 km/h or faster to monitor vehicles driving behind the car. It warns the driver if a car is approaching from the left or right rear, or is in the blind spot, by illuminating a warning lamp in the door mirror on the relevant side. If the driver turns on the indicator on the side of the approaching vehicle, a warning buzzer sounds and the warning lamp flashes.

Other new active safety features include a rear-view camera that uses the MID display to assist while driving in reverse or parking, a tyre pressure monitoring system, and Emergency Stop Signal (ESS) that automatically flashes the rear hazard lamps whenever the driver brakes abruptly.

If the driver needs to slow down, he can rely on the Mazda CX-7's large ventilated disc brakes in front (320 mm) and rear (petrol: 302 mm, diesel: 325 mm), a 10.5 inch outer diameter brake booster and a long-stroke master cylinder for reliable deceleration with light pedal effort and short pedal travel. Standard are DSC with TCS, ABS, EBD, Emergency Brake Assist, automatic headlamps and rain sensor wipers (depending on grade and market).

The Mazda CX-7 facelift body shell and cabin are engineered with Mazda's extremely strong 'Triple-H' body structure that effectively resists impacts from various directions and helps protect the occupants. The front sub-frame delivers high energy absorption in case of frontal impact, and has a special joint part between the front side member and the sub-frame that redirects impact energy downward away from the cabin. This additional front sub-frame is also designed to help prevent Mazda CX-7's front end from 'climbing up' onto the bonnet of an oncoming car in a head-on collision. At the rear, the high rigidity structure includes an impact absorbing zone to better protect the fuel tank in case of a rear-end impact.

Inside are front seats designed to help protect the neck and chest in case of rear impact. They have an optimised head restraint position, reinforced attachment area, and a strengthened seat back frame structure that keeps the front occupants' head and chest supported against the head restraint, which helps avoid whiplash. Standard for all versions of the Mazda CX-7 facelift are front, side and curtain airbags, a collapsing brake pedal that helps reduce the chance of leg injury to the driver, ISOFIX safety seat mounts and top tethers in the rear seats, and pillar trim with energy absorbing ribs.

Environmental Efforts - 95 percent Recyclable

The Mazda CX-7 facelift reflects Mazda's ongoing efforts to build cars in a way that has less negative effect on the environment. This begins at Mazda assembly plants in Japan, which were ISO 14001 certified (an environmental management standard) over ten years ago - including the Ujina 2 plant in Hiroshima, where the Mazda CX-7 is assembled. Mazda also uses a unique three-layer paint system that reduces CO2 by 15 percent and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the paint by half.

At the end of its life, the Mazda CX-7 facelift, like all current Mazda models, is roughly 80 percent recyclable. The remaining 20 percent, most of it plastic rubber and glass, is named with ISO standard material labels so it can be sorted out and easily recycled and recovered. Mazda even recycles the materials from damaged bumpers to make new bumpers. If parts have to be discarded at the end of the vehicle's life, they contain hardly any substances that would pollute the environment. No lead is used in the Mazda CX-7 facelift's fuel tank, wire harness and electro-undercoating; and it has no hexavalent chromium or

2010 Mazda 3 MPS










Sharing the spotlight in Geneva is the next generation Mazda 3 MPS, one of the world's most powerful front-wheel drive compact cars. Take the new Mazda 3 Hatchback as the base and rises to new levels of driving excitement with an update of 2.3 liters MZR DISI turbo petrol engine, increased body rigidity and a deposit evolved suspension. To do this, add their unique signs and materials to deliver a new generation of compact insignia is more fun to drive and own the current model.

At the top of their high level of performance - one of the best in the category - the new Mazda 3 MPS is Mazda developed according to long-term vision for technology development. Mazda engine and catalyst for advanced technology: the new model has an ability to optimize the delivery, use less fuel and have cleaner emissions than the previous model Mazda 3 MPS.

Design - The most expressive and dynamic design

The subject of design for the new Mazda 3 in the so-called development team to evolve the model of the visual identity to create a sporty, more aggressive appearance. The end result is a more emotional design that has the athlete, the new lightweight compact Mazda 3 Hatchback to a new level of refinement in sport.


Exterior design

Front

A new air intake for the intercooler is inserted in the center of the new Mazda 3 MPS hood, hinting at the power underneath. The front and front fender designs are exclusive to MPS, while subtle intonation added to the surface and the exterior lines give a dynamic and expressive style. The front grille and lower bumper sections of the black metallic paint finish. These are framed by cylindrical bi-xenon headlights and round fog lamps, to emphasize the car's premium (standard or option, depending on market).

Silhouette and the rear

To the sides, subtle wedge shape and a lateral curvature lines, along with a low spoiler side, accentuate the sporty car, low center of gravity. The view from the rear has a large rear spoiler floating (depending on market) that stocks look set initiated by the new interface and added that the covenant of the aggressive image. LED tail lamps have an internal lens that adds a sense of greater transparency when the lights are not lit.

A segment is best for the aerodynamic performance

The new Mazda 3 MPS has an exterior design that follows the current model at the top of aerodynamic performance. Starting with the new Mazda 3 Hatchback 5-door, which has one of the lowest segment of the coefficients of drag, MPS developers added a number of features optimized for external aerodynamic efficiency. These include large front and rear, a floating rear roof spoiler and front under spoiler. The result is the aerodynamic performance that provides stability and easy control in the direct transport, changing lanes or overtaking other vehicles at high speeds. The shape of the door and mirrors were also keeping in mind the aerodynamic efficiency, while the more rigid strips around the door, providing improved sealing of the doors to reduce wind noise.

Wheels and tires

Mazda introduces all-new 18-inch (18 x 7.5J), aluminum alloy wheels designed exclusively for the Mazda 3 MPS with the same design as the Mazda RX-8 wheels. They have a strong three-dimensional shape that helps the car look agile and aggressive when viewed from the side.

Interior Design

Front seating area

The dashboard of the new Mazda 3 MPS is designed to provide a broad feeling in the front. This is combined with a large center console and driver oriented, wrap-around cockpit with just the right feeling of snugness. Demanding calculation applies to the design of the inclination of the center console and in the positioning of the gearshift lever is closest to the driver.

New turbo boost gauge

The blackout hoodless separate speedometer and tachometer express sportsmanship through its design. The tachometer red MPS has a logo and a needle that travels 260 degrees, compared with 190 degrees of rotation in other models of Mazda 3. The toolkit for the new MPS also includes an LED indicator of turbo boost placed between the counters, thus increasing the car's high-performance feel.

Semi-bucket front seats

The new semi-bucket front seats MPS provides a great fit and exceptional support of the torso and thigh, a duty on a car of this sport. The front edge of the cushion expands to fit better under the thighs, and the length of the seat extends to provide greater support. The MPS has a unique tapestry of black with a red seam and graphic design in red.

Materials and color

The developers were careful in the selection of materials and finishes for the interior that excite the driver and passenger each time you take a seat in the car. Black is the color pattern used throughout the interior, while the seats and upholstery fabric is an organic red graphic design. This unique design-MPS is spread over in red with the increase of the inner seam of athleticism on the steering wheel, seats, door trim, lever start, and the center armrest.

Powertrain - exhilarating driving and Euro Stage V Compliance

The power and easy-to-control torque characteristics of the new Mazda 3 MPS turbo gasoline engine combined with an optimized gear ratio that ensures smooth functioning of changing sport. This corresponds to a rigid body, a suspension system with damping force majeure, the Mazda electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPAS) and specially tuned brakes. Together, they offer a package of high performance with precision, controllable handling, powerful braking and it is fun to drive on a daily basis.

Engine - High-performance DISI technology

The new Mazda 3 MPS is powered by the Mazda MZR 2.3L DISI Turbo, a high-power line 4-cylinder gasoline engine. This engine has been upgraded and now acclaimed offers a maximum power of 191 kW/260 hp at 5500 rpm and the same generous maximum torque of 380 Nm at 3000 rpm that the current model. This represents one of the world's highest level of performance in a front engine front-wheel drive sport compact.

Compact High Performance

Linking with a turbocharged direct injection allows the engine to achieve performance that is on par with a higher displacement engine. Achieving a proper balance between lightweight and high rigidity through the effective use of high tensile strength of steel plates - including 1480 MPa ultra high-tensile steel - the new MPS frame easily compatible with the maximum speed of 250 km / h and acceleration from 0 - 100 km / h in just 6.1 seconds.

Reduce fuel consumption and Euro Stage V

However, the new Mazda 3 MPS also offers surprisingly good environmental performance and fuel efficiency of a vehicle with this kind of power. Optimization of aerodynamics helping reduce fuel consumption of 9.7L/100 km in the previous model to 9.2L/100 km in the new Mazda 3 MPS. Also recently introduced is the world's first single, nanotechnology, rapid reaction catalyst under the floor, which offers cleaner emissions and Euro V stage performance.

High torque direct injection

The latent heat of vaporization generated by the MZR 2.3L Turbo when atomized fuel is injected directly into a cylinder at pressures up to 11.5 MPa reduced the temperature in the combustion chamber (in-cylinder cooling effect) and improving the mix air-fuel efficiency of freight. Compared with turbo engine fuel injection through the regular intake ports, this method increases the torque of the new Mazda 3 MPS for a maximum of around 10 percent around 3000 rpm. This shows a good pair of flat profile with a lot of power that is easy to control by a single scroll turbo-charger. The heat exchanger is the same size as the previous model, but the new air intake mounted on the hood provides a stable supply of cold air that ensures better cooling.

Advanced Torque Management

The stiffness of the left and right drive shafts is optimized to minimize torque steer. Optimization engine to help make this powerful and high torque front-wheel drive vehicle easier to handle when you can enjoy a sports car. These measures include the intake volume and boost pressure control which suppresses sudden torque peaks smooth, linear torque characteristics and steering angle sensors (all arts).

6-speed manual transmission

The transfer of the new Mazda 3 MPS uses a compact, three-axis design keeps the total length of it as a 5-speed manual transmission. Use an extensive list of value that can fully exploit the great pair of Banda DISI Turbo engine, sixth team that contributes to a more relaxed journey and improved fuel economy when driving at high speed. Each gear is set at a higher speed of gears in the previous model. Of particular interest is the natural feeling of displacement between the first and second gear as the car picks up speed and the good feeling of successive turns, while the acceleration.

Triple-cone synchronizers for first, second and third gears and a double cone synchronizer for fourth gear optimize the amount of force necessary to make changes and establish the appropriate balance between a short, responsive and pleasant sensation of stroke gearshift operation. In addition, it uses the transmission of low viscosity fluid, which reduces the effort required to change when the engine is cold.

Chassis - safe and predictable

High body rigidity and specially tuned suspension

Based on the highly rigid body of the Mazda 3 Hatchback 5-door, the new version adds MPS reinforcements inside the front hood member gussets to reinforce the joints between the rear suspension towers and rear floorboard, and employs a large Member tunnel. These and other local reinforcements effectively increase the rigidity and improve the new body dynamics model robustness.

Suspension system

The coil spring rates of the MacPherson Strut front suspension and multi-link rear suspension have been modified exclusively for the MPS. Special pitch to support the high power of the MPS and provide the satisfaction of driving also includes the introduction of larger diameter stabilizer in the new base model Mazda 3 and a larger space for the stabilizer mounts for greater linearity coil . Special shock absorbers for the increase in MPS and combining the strength of the buffer with coil springs and stabilizers for greater roll stiffness in the base model.

Newly developed tires

Dunlop 225/40R18 tires for the MPS are wider than the previous model. By improving the adhesion of the tire, the rigidity of the side walls and the damping force - along with the systems that support the entry of tires, including the body stiffness, suspension stiffness, steering stiffness and support - the new Mazda 3 MPS offers an answer with more direct feel and a strong sense of unity between driver and car. The result is a sports car that is more accurate than the previous model, even at high speeds. Offers a better response, greater stability and a flat ride with less rolling, even when entering or crossing curves strong corrugated road surfaces. To this end, a comprehensive high-speed driving tests were conducted at the Nürburgring in Germany.

Steering updates EHPAS

The new Mazda 3 MPS now employs three very rigid mounting bushings steering gear instead of the two used in the previous model. The system also features electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPAS), which adjusts the control according to vehicle speed and steering angle for precise sound for an exceptional response to steering wheel operation feel. Control is set for the most accurate vehicle speed, providing a lighter feeling to slower speeds and a more firm feeling that inspires confidence at high speeds. Address is direct and strong in just 2.7 turns lock to lock.

Strong brakes and new electronic braking assistance

Large diameter 320 mm ventilated disc brakes at the front and 280 mm solid discs at the rear combined with an 8 +9 inch tandem brake booster and 1 inch diameter master cylinder large to realize powerful and stable braking. Electronic brake assist system replaces the previous mechanical and four-wheel ABS and DSC are also standard equipment.

Mazda 3 MPS dimensions and specifications of the EU
Dimensions
Length: 4505 mm
Overall height: 1460 mm
Overall width: 1770 mm
Wheelbase: 2640 mm
Pisa (front / rear): 1535 mm / 1520 mm
Luggage capacity: 300 liters with a Bose ® system
Train: FWD
Engine: 2.3 liters MZR DISI Turbo
Displacement: 2261 cm3
Bore x stroke: 87.5 mm x 94.0 mm
Fuel Tank Capacity: 60 l
Max. Output: 260 hp (191 kW) at 5,500 rpm
Max. Torque: 380 Nm at 3,000 rpm
Fuel consumption
Combined: 9,2 l / 100 km
Urban: 13.5 l / 100 km
Extra urban: 7.5 l / 100 km
Ranking of Euro V Stage
Exhaust system: single-nanotechnology
Transmission: 6-speed manual transmission
Differential: Torque sensing limited slip differential
Performance
Max. speed: 250 km / h
0-100km / h (EU): 6.1 s
Address: Electro-hydraulic assisted system
In turn lock to lock: 2.7
Min turning 11 m
Suspension, front: MacPherson Strut
Suspension, Rear: Multi-Link
Coil spring rates, front: D26.8 N / mm
Coil spring rate, rear: D29.9 N / mm
Shocks, Front Twintube
Rear shock: Monotube
Stabilizer diameter, front: 26 mm
Stabilizer diameter, rear: 25 mm
Front type, diameter ventilated discs, 320 mm
Type of rear brake, diameter solid discs, 280 mm
Coefficient of drag: 0.32 Cd
Brake booster: 8 "+ 9" great reinforcement tandem and 1 "diameter master cylinder
Tires, wheels: Dunlop 225/40 R18, 18x7.5J

2010 Mazda 3 i-stop











The Mazda booth at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show is greener than ever. One way to achieved Mazda is developing the single technology that idle the engine shuts off when stopped in traffic jams and similar situations, as a way of reducing fuel consumption.

The Mazda 3 will be powered by the MZR 2.0L DISI engine idle with green technology window - Mazda i the single system. Developed exclusively by Mazda, is the only idle stop system that restarts the engine using the remaining energy in the piston (with the help of a fast starter) by direct injection of fuel into the cylinder and cause to force the piston down. The benefit of the combination of a DISI engine with i-STOP (originally called SISS: Smart Stop inactivity) is that the system restarts the engine about two times faster, and quieter, than conventional idle stop systems.

The combination of these two patented technologies for Mazda and other aerodynamic modifications to help the new Mazda 3 reach approximately 14 percent lower fuel consumption (combined) than the previous Mazda 3.

When the driver stops the vehicle (red light, traffic jam) the engine stops automatically and is set to be ready for an early resumption. As soon as the driver presses the clutch, the engine is started automatically restart procedure. This is a completely neutral for the driver.


Mazda 3 i-stop green technology

When stopped at a stoplight or in a traffic jam, turn off the engine at idle can reduce fuel consumption by about 5 percent under city driving mode tests. However, the problem with the idle stop systems is that they are based solely on the use of an electric motor to restart the engine. As such, they require a long period of time to achieve combustion in the engine when it restarts. In the real world driving, this means a delay between the moment the accelerator pedal is pressed down and the car begins to move, as well as vibration and noise.

The i-stop for the new Mazda 3 takes the DISI direct-injection engine of the potential for improving fuel economy, restarting the engine quickly and quietly by direct injection of fuel into the cylinder and cause the the piston and rod set up. The motor is controlled with precision to make this happen:

Special motor requirements

To use the energy of combustion of the initial stages of restarting the engine and start the engine quickly, the following three conditions must be met while the engine is stopped. (1) The engine must be able to inject the fuel directly into the combustion chamber and ignite, (2) a sufficient amount of clean air must exist in the combustion chamber of the cylinder when the fuel is lit, and (3) control system the computer must be able to determine which cylinder fires immediately after starting the engine. The i-stop, so you must use a direct injection engine that can provide fuel to the combustion chamber under high pressure, and can easily ignite the fuel. Mazda MZR 2.0 DISI liters of gasoline engine is ideal for this.

Piston position control

The pistons are stopped at the appropriate position when the engine is stopped, an appropriate amount of air is maintained within the combustion chamber and the combustion chamber is evacuated due to reduce the amount of unburned gasoline. To this end, the position of the piston is controlled by applying current to the motor generator, while the engine is off. In this way, operates as an electric motor, while using the signal from the crank angle sensor that monitors the position of the control piston to stop the feedback in the appointment of the piston within its expansion stroke.

Special check valve and balancing of the crankshaft

To find the combustion chamber, the new Mazda 3 i-pause the system opens the throttle valve slightly during the shutdown process. (The valve is normally closed to shut off the engine.) Regulate the crank angle sensor can only be determined by the forward rotation, which leaves them unable to control or reverse rotation to determine the correct position of the piston. Mazda i stop using a crank angle sensor that is capable of controlling the rotation of the crankshaft in both directions, allowing you to accurately determine the correct position of the piston. To maintain the proper balance crankshaft when the engine is stopped, is slightly rotated in the opposite direction.

Faster restart + fuel

These measures make it possible to inject fuel properly when you restart the engine and the control of ignition advance, which allows the combustion energy to be used while the engine is stopped and to restart the engine in 0.35 seconds, about half the time required for conventional idle stop systems. While the new Mazda stop-i system employs combustion energy to restart the engine is assisted by the starter motor only for the first turns of the crankshaft. This achieves the optimum balance between maximizing the fuel savings and minimize the amount of time required to restart the engine. As a result, I will stop to reduce fuel consumption beyond what is possible through the combustion of energy by itself to restart the engine.

Driver support system of communication

On the new Mazda 3 is fed by the 2.0 DISI MZR engine, the i-stop driver supports allowing visual confirmation of operation in relation to the driving style. There is a i-on / off switch on the dashboard, the driver and the group contains a light that shows "i-stop" when the system turns off the engine in front of traffic lights, for example. When disabled, an amber light indicates that the i-stop is not in the system.

Ensure reliable operation

The new Mazda 3 i-stop system (only available with the MZR DISI 2.0-liter gasoline) is equipped with an auxiliary battery that powers the system if the main battery is not loaded properly or some similar problem occurs . This added measure of control ensures that the driver can use the natural system without giving a second thought. In addition, the system will not shut down the engine if the car is stopped on a road with a very steep grade (more than 14 percent incline).